The Sony Ericsson Xperia Neo V is almost identical in hardware terms to the existing Xperia Neo, but it comes with a newer version of Android and additional Sony Ericsson software enhancements for a better user experience.
The new version of Android is 2.3.4, a pretty slight update to the version 2.3 in the original Neo. However, Sony Ericsson have improved the camera capture capabilities, video playback options and social networking services plus there is Google Talk with Video Chat (which is perhaps what the "V" stands for).
Hardware differences apart from the camera are extremely slight, with the Neo V coming in different colours (white looks particularly good) and some audio tweaks such as Sony's new xLOUD system.